EE8602 PS Notes
Anna University Regulation 2017 EEE EE8602 PS Notes, PROTECTION AND SWITCHGEAR Lecture Handwritten Notes for all 5 units are provided below. Download link for EEE 6th Sem PROTECTION AND SWITCHGEAR Notes are listed down for students to make perfect utilization and score maximum marks with our study materials.
EE8602 PS PROTECTION AND SWITCHGEAR
UNIT I INTRODUCTION
Introduction:
In the early power systems were mainly Neutral ungrounded due to the fact that the first ground fault did not require the tripping of the system. An unscheduled shutdown on the first ground fault was particularly undesirable for continuous process industries. These
power systems required ground detection systems, but locating the fault often proved difficult. Although achieving the initial goal, the ungrounded system provided no control of transient over-voltages.
A capacitive coupling exists between the system conductors and ground in a typical distribution system. As a result, this series resonant L-C circuit can create overvoltages well in excess of line-to-line voltage when subjected to repetitive re-strikes of
one phase to ground. This in turn, reduces insulation life resulting in possible equipment failure.
Neutral grounding systems are similar to fuses in that they do nothing until something in the system goes wrong. Then, like fuses, they protect personnel and equipment from damage. “Damage comes from two factors, how long the fault lasts
and how large the fault current is. Ground relays trip breakers and limit how long a fault lasts and Neutral grounding resistors limit how large the fault current is”. Importance of Neutral Grounding:
There are many neutral grounding options available for both Low and Medium voltage power systems. The neutral points of transformers, generators and rotating machinery to the earth ground network provides a reference point of zero volts. This protective measure offers many advantages over an ungrounded system, like,
1. Reduced magnitude of transient over voltages
2. Simplified ground fault location
3. Improved system and equipment fault protection
4. Reduced maintenance time and expense
5. Greater safety for personnel
6. Improved lightning protection
7. Reduction in frequency of faults.
Method of Neutral Earthing:
There are five methods for Neutral earthing.
1. Unearthed Neutral System
2. Solid Neutral Earthed System.
3. Resistance Neutral Earthing System.
1. Low Resistance Earthing.
2. High Resistance Earthing.
4. Resonant Neutral Earthing System.
5. Earthing Transformer Earthing.
(1) Ungrounded Neutral Systems:
In ungrounded system there is no internal connection between the conductors and earth. However, as
system, a capacitive coupling exists between the system conductors and the adjacent grounded surfaces. Consequently, the “ungrounded system” is, in reality, a “capacitive grounded system” by virtue of the distributed
capacitance.
Under normal operating conditions, this distributed capacitance causes no problems. In fact, it is beneficial because it establishes, in
effect, a neutral point for the system; As a result, the phase conductors are stressed at only line-to-neutral voltage above
ground.
But problems can rise in ground fault conditions. A ground fault on one line results in full line-to-line voltage appearing throughout the system. Thus, a voltage 1.73 times the normal voltage is present on all insulation in the system. This situation can often cause failures in older motors and transformers, due to insulation breakdown.
EE8602 PS Unit 1 notes – Download Here
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EE8602 PS Unit 5 notes – Download Here
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EE8602 Notes, PS Unit wise Lecture Handwritten Notes – EEE 6th Semester